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First, historical reasons

In the era of fixed telephone, the telephone of every household is powered by the office of telecommunication bureau.

Because the distance between the telecommunication bureau and the telephone in the home is relatively long, in order to ensure a certain service range, the power supply voltage of the local exchange cannot be too low, so the -48V power supply is adopted.

Compare some small exchange equipment, because the distance between the exchange and the telephone is relatively close, -24V power supply is generally adopted, and -48V power supply is not used, which is understood.

With the continuous progress of technology, the telephone has developed from hand-operated magnet to program-controlled telephone. In the process of development, -48V power supply has been used all the time in order to be compatible with early equipment and reduce costs.

Second, why is the positive pole grounded?

The main purpose of grounding the anode is to prevent the corrosion of the electrode.

The -48V or -24V battery in the telephone office is grounded at the positive pole, which is due to the reduction of electrical corrosion caused by poor insulation of relay or cable metal sheath, which damages the relay and cable metal sheath.

Because the metal ions move from the positive electrode to the negative electrode under the chemical reaction. If the insulation between the relay coil and the iron core is poor, a small current will flow. When the negative pole of the battery pack is grounded, the wire of the coil may be corroded.

On the contrary, if the positive pole of the battery pack is grounded, although the iron core will suffer from electric corrosion, the wire of the coil will not corrode, and the quality of the iron core will be large, which will not cause noticeable consequences. Grounding the positive pole can also protect the core wire of the external cable from corrosion when the insulation is poor.

Third, safety and cost considerations

36V is a safe voltage, which is too unsafe.

In addition, the voltage should not be too low. If it is too low, the current on the line of the load with the same power is too large, so it is necessary to choose a thicker power line, which will result in large investment and great loss of line voltage drop.

For example, due to the increase of AAU power consumption, if -48V is still used, the current is larger, the line loss is larger, and the transmission distance is shorter, which can not meet some AAU remote scenarios and can only replace cables with larger wire diameters, but this will increase the cost and the load of the tower. Therefore, the voltage should be appropriately increased (for example, -57V) to reduce the construction cost and speed up the construction pace.

IV. Other reasons

In order to unify the norms;

Early communication can use the earth as a loop to save wires;

Noise and other interference can be effectively avoided;

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The data center server rack is mainly used to accommodate data center IT equipment, such as servers, memories, hubs and network switches, aiming at improving the efficiency of data center network management and operation. What are the types of server racks in the data center?

(1) Open server rack The open server rack of data center has no door and installation guide rail, which is an open structure, which not only provides convenience for installation, but also provides sufficient open space for cable management, and is an ideal choice for network distribution frame and high-density optical fiber distribution frame applications. At present, there are two basic types of open server racks: 2-port rack and 4-port rack. The advantage of 2-port rack is that it can install deeper equipment, while the advantage of 4-port rack is that it can bear heavier equipment.

(2) Wall-mounted rack The wall-mounted rack mainly carries network equipment such as optical fiber distribution frames and switches, and its design is mainly installed on the wall, which can effectively save the floor space. It should be noted that because of its small size, it cannot bear excessive weight and cannot provide the same safety as a closed rack. If you want to place a rack in your office or home, a wall-mounted rack is an economical choice.

The standard data center server rack generally matches the equipment size, and the width is usually 19 inches, but the height and depth are different. The height unit of the data center server rack is U, and 1U means 1.75 inches, while the width and depth are usually measured in standard units. At present, the most commonly used standard data center rack is 19 inches wide and 42U(73.5 inches) high. Flexibility and Manageability In order to realize a flexible and manageable wiring environment, enough free space should be reserved in the server rack after installing the equipment. At the same time, some data center server racks are also equipped with pulleys to facilitate the movement of racks. With more and more equipment being added to the data center, the server rack should have sufficient bearing capacity and capacity. The number of switches, cables, PDUs and overhead cable mounts should be considered when selecting racks. Cooling Efficiency Nowadays, the cooling cost of the data center is increasing, so it is important to choose the server rack of the data center with better cooling effect. Generally, a good server rack will be equipped with cooling management accessories or some other designs. At present, most rack doors are designed with at least 64% perforations to ensure air flow.

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I. Size of 19-inch standard cabinet:
The equipment installation height in the 19-inch standard cabinet is expressed by a special unit “u”, with 1U=44.45mm U refers to the effective use space inside the cabinet, and the panels of standard equipment using 19-inch standard cabinets are generally manufactured according to the specifications of n u. For some non-standard equipment, most of them can be installed and fixed in a 19-inch chassis through additional adapter baffles. The panel width of most engineering-grade equipment is 19 inches, and the installation hole distance is 465 mm. Therefore, as long as the cabinet can meet the installation requirements of most 19-inch equipment, the cabinet is a standard cabinet.

The 19-inch standard cabinet has three general indexes: width, height and depth. The physical width of the cabinet is usually 600mm and 800 mm. Generally, the height is from 0.7M2.4M, which depends on the number of equipment in the cabinet and uniform style. Usually, manufacturers can customize special heights. The common finished 19-inch standard cabinets are 1.6M, 1.8M and 2M in height. Generally, the depth of the cabinet ranges from 600mm to 1000 mm, depending on the size of the equipment in the cabinet. Usually, manufacturers can customize products with special depth. The common finished 19-inch standard cabinets have depths of 600 mm, 700mm, 800mm and 900 mm. The structure of 19 “standard cabinet is relatively simple, mainly including basic frame, internal support system, wiring system and ventilation system. 2. The “U” and “19-inch” U of electronic standard cabinet are a unit for expressing the external dimensions of the server, which is an abbreviation of Unit. The detailed dimensions are determined by the American Electronics Industry Association (EIA), which is an industry group. 1U=44.45mm=1.75 inches, 1 inch = 25.4mm 19 = inches, 482.6mm The reason for specifying the size of the server is to keep the server in an appropriate size so that it can be placed on an iron or aluminum rack. The rack is provided with screw holes for fixing the servers, so that it can be aligned with the screw holes of the servers, and then fixed with screws to facilitate the space needed for installing each server. The specified dimensions are the width (48.26 cm = 19 inches) and height (multiple of 4.445cm) of the server. Because the width is 19 inches, the rack that meets this requirement is sometimes called “19-inch rack”. The thickness is 4.445cm as the basic unit. 1U is 4.445cm, and 2U is 8.89cm which is twice as large as 1U. The 19-inch standard cabinet 19 represents the width, that is, the cabinet where the 19-inch rack-mounted server can be placed. The cabinet is also divided into U degrees and depth; Generally, the height is 42U, and 1U and 19 inches here are industrial standards formulated by EIA. The structure of standard cabinet is relatively simple, mainly including basic frame, internal support system, wiring system and ventilation system. The 19-inch standard cabinet has three general indexes: width, height and depth. Although the installation width of 19-inch panel equipment is 465.1mm, the physical width of cabinets is 600mm and 800mm. Generally, the height ranges from 0.7M-2.4M, and the heights of common finished 19-inch cabinets are 1.6M and 2M. Generally, the depth of cabinet ranges from 450mm to 1000mm, depending on the size of equipment in cabinet. Usually, manufacturers can customize products with special depth. The common finished 19-inch cabinets have depths of 450mm, 600mm, 800mm, 900mm and 1000mm. The equipment installation height in the 19-inch standard cabinet is expressed by a special unit “u”, with 1U=44.45mm Equipment panels using 19-inch standard cabinets are generally manufactured according to nU specifications. For some non-standard equipment, most of them can be installed and fixed in a 19-inch chassis through additional adapter baffles. The panel width of many engineering equipment is 19 inches, so the 19-inch cabinet is the most common standard cabinet. 42U refers to the height, 1U=44.45mm,42u The cabinet of 42u can’t hold 42 1U servers, but it is normal to put 10-20 servers, because they need to radiate heat at intervals of 19 inches, which is 482.6mm wide (there are “ears” on both sides of the equipment, and the mounting hole distance of the ears is 465mm). The depth of the equipment is different, and the national standard does not specify how much the depth must be, so the depth of the equipment is determined by the equipment manufacturer. Therefore, there is no 1U cabinet, only 1U equipment, and there are 4U–47U cabinets, that is, a 42U cabinet can theoretically install 42 1U high equipment, but in practice it is normal to put 10-20 equipment, because they need to dissipate heat at intervals.

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Answer: The communication between the two network elements is connected by optical fiber, and the optical cable is in the optical cable. Because the distance between the two network elements is too far and one optical cable is not long enough, it is necessary to use multiple optical cables, which become optical cables after being connected by melting fibers.

The overall relationship is that the optical cable contains optical cable segments, and the optical cable segments contain N optical fibers.

2. Please describe the definition of optical path? Optical path composition and application?

A: The optical path refers to the propagation path of light

The transmission between two network elements is carried out by optical cable cores. Because the distance between network elements is too far, there will be N optical cable segments connected, and the path through which the transmission cores between two network elements pass is the optical path.

3. Please describe the relationship between equipment in the computer room (ODF terminal, network element port, optical fiber core)?

Answer: There will be main equipment, moving ring equipment and transmission equipment in the machine room.

The relationship among ODF terminal, network element port and optical fiber core is that the network element equipment port is connected to ODF rack through pigtail, because after the optical cable enters the computer room, each optical fiber core should also be added with ODF, and both of them are connected on ODF terminal.

It is connected to the ODF terminal of the opposite network element through the optical fiber in the optical cable, and then connected to the port of the opposite network element through the tail fiber.

Overall relationship: network element terminal-pigtail-ODF rack-optical cable core-ODF rack-pigtail-network element terminal.

4. Please describe which subordinate objects the network element equipment is composed of.

A: There are many types of network element equipment, and the composition of different network element equipment is different.

For example, the transmission network element equipment generally includes: frame-channel-board-port.

5. Please describe the advantages of DWDM over SDH.

A: The biggest feature of DWDM equipment is that it can transmit technologies with different wavelengths in the same optical fiber, take multiple services, and have the advantage of SDH subcontracting;

Answer: Compared with DWDM, DWDM equipment has the advantage of large transmission capacity. While SDH transmission capacity is small.

6. Please describe the advantages of OTN over DWDM.

A: DWDM system is essentially a point-to-point system, with limited networking methods.

The biggest difference between OTN and DWDM is that OTN (Optical Transport Network) is composed OXC：Optical Cross-connector (OXC) and Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer (OADM). The functions of cross-connection and wavelength conversion between upper and lower waves can be accomplished through OXC and OADM.

7. Please describe the broadband access methods, the meanings of FTTC, FTTB and FTTH, and what are the differences among them?

Answer:

FTTC (Fiber TO The Curb) fiber goes to the roadside, ONU is installed from the telecom room to the roadside near your home, and the original copper cable or other media is used to transmit the signal from the roadside to the home or office;

FTTB (Fiber TO The Building) optical fiber is connected to the building by a dedicated line without dialing;

FTTH (Fiber TO The Home) provides 100 times the bandwidth of ADSL. Optical fiber has the advantages of long life, no interference and almost unlimited bandwidth, which is unmatched by copper wire technology;

Note: The difference between the three lies in the distance from customers.

8. Please describe the role of ONU\OBD in the access network, and what is the difference between the monitoring methods of ONU and OBD?

Answer: ONU and OBD are both part of PON architecture, ONU is an optical network unit, and multiple onus can be hung under one OLT through ODB optical splitter. ONU is put in user’s home as FTTH, and in building as FTTB.

Monitoring mode: ONU is an active device that can be monitored on the network management, while ODB cannot be monitored on the network management because it is a passive device.

9. Please describe your understanding of telecommunication transmission network? What is the relationship between transmission network and optical cable, switching, access network and mobile network?

Answer: the understanding of telecommunication transmission network: a network composed of transmission nodes and transmission links to provide data transmission channels;

Transmission network is the foundation of the whole telecommunication network, which provides transmission channels and platforms for the services carried by the whole network.

What is the relationship between transmission network and optical cable, switching, access network and mobile network?

Composition of transmission network: first build optical cable sections, then connect them into optical cables, and install equipment systems at both ends of the optical cables to form a transmission network. Switching, access network and mobile network are all carried on the transmission network.

10. Please describe the main elements of PON network and their roles?

A: Components:

OLT(Optical Line Terminal (OLT)

OBD/ODN (Optical Distribution Network)

ONU(Optical Network Unit)

ONT( Optical Network Terminal)

Role:

PON is an access network, in which OLT and ONU/ONT are connected by OBD/ODN composed of passive optical cable and optical splitter/combiner

11. Please describe what is frequency division multiplexing? Time division multiplexing? Space division multiplexing? Code division multiplexing? What are the differences?

Answer:

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) divides the total bandwidth used for transmission channels into several sub-bands (or sub-channels), and each sub-channel transmits one signal.

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM): It uses different periods of the same physical connection to transmit different signals, and can also achieve the purpose of multiplexing.

SDM (space division multiplexing): the same frequency band can be reused in different spaces.

Code division multiplexing (CDM): A group of code blocks containing mutually orthogonal code words are used to carry multi-channel signals.

12. please describe the difference between FDD and TDD?

Answer:

TDD instant duplexing: the uplink and downlink switching time can be set flexibly, which is used to realize asymmetric uplink and downlink service bandwidth, which is beneficial to realize obviously asymmetric uplink and downlink internet service

FDD is frequency division duplex: FDD adopts two independent channels to transmit information downward and upward respectively. In order to prevent mutual interference between adjacent transmitters and receivers, there is a guard band between two channels.

Compared with FDD, TDD can use piecemeal frequency bands, because uplink and downlink are distinguished by time, so it is not necessary to require frequency bands with symmetric bandwidth

13. please explain the main network elements involved in ADSL communication? Their respective roles?

A: ADSL (asymmetric digital subscriber line) has the following components:

1) ATM backbone: it is the core backbone network for ISP to provide broadband services, and it is the intersection of all data.

2) DSLAM(DSL ATM Multiplexer): This is the local equipment that provides ADSL service.

3) Telephone lines for providing services: At present, ADSL services provide voice and data bearing services through ordinary analog telephone lines.

4) Voice and data separator/integrator: This is an important part. When the DSLAM at the local office outputs ADSL lines, it is integrated with the voice line at the local office for transmission on the same line. At the user end, it is separated by similar equipment to form a data line and a voice line.

5) ADSL CPE equipment (ADSL user front-end equipment): this equipment is purchased by users themselves or rented from the local office. Typically ADSL Modem or ADSL Router.

14. please explain the main differences between 163 network and CN2 and DCN network? Use?

Answer: 163 is the common public network, CN2 is for the government-enterprise special line, DCN telecom intranet, and CN2 will be used in the future

15. Please explain how the home broadband Internet access ended up on the 163 network.

A: dial-up -dslam-bras-CR-163 network

16. please explain the relationship among the national network, provincial network and local network?

A: The national network is a dry matter, which belongs to inter-provincial transmission.

The provincial network is the second dry, introspecting the transmission and use between prefecture-level cities.

Local network is the network transmission of prefecture-level cities.

17. please explain the model objects, related relationships and important attributes involved in the pipeline?

Answer:

Model: pipeline-> pipeline section-> sub-pipe-> sub-pipe-> nozzle (for connecting telecommunication or fiber core).

Attributes: ID, name, serial number, sub-pipe ID, parent-child pipe ID, etc

18. Please explain the bearing relationship between pipeline and optical cable model, and how to bear it.

Answer: When the project is implemented, the pipeline should be laid first, and then the optical cable should be laid inside the sub-pipe. I.e. the pipe carries the optical cable.

19. please explain the common rate levels of SDH and the conversion relationship between each rate?

A: STM-n = n * STM-1;

20. please explain the difference between TM and ADM in SDH network element equipment?

Answer: TM–terminal multiplexer is used at the terminal node of the network to multiplex the low-speed signal at the branch intersection into the high-speed signal STM-N at the line port.

ADM-–add/drop multiplexer used at the switching point of the network. ADM has two line ports and one branch, which is used to cross-multiplex the low-speed branch signals to the east or west line ports, or split the high-speed signals from the east/west line ports into low-speed branch signals, and cross-connect the high-speed STM-N signals from the east/west line ports.

21. please describe what is the meaning of SDH cross connection? What’s the point?

A: First of all, cross-connection is the logical connection from branch port to line port or between line port and line port. Generally speaking, cross-connection is to find the corresponding outlet by means of logical connection of countless optical signals entering the equipment;

SDH cross-linking is to find the exit of the correct path by scheduling the optical path entering SDH equipment; The main function is the scheduling of optical signals;

22. Please describe the significance of subnet management in network management?

A: Because of the complex networking structure, hierarchical management is adopted. Make the management more clear.

23. What is a transmission system? What is the significance of transmission system in management?

Answer: The transmission system is the management system of the transmission network, which manages the field devices in the background.

The significance of transmission system in management: first, because of centralized remote management, it can save manpower; Second, it can be monitored centrally; Third, the problem is accurately positioned;

24. please describe how wavelength division and SDH are carried.

Answer: The wavelength division transmission capacity is large. SDH is generally located at the branch side, and N SDH is connected to the wavelength division equipment. At the opposite end, it is decomposed into N SDH by the wavelength division equipment.

25. Please describe the basic equipment of mobile network, and what is it called in Chinese and English for short? What’s the use of each?

Answer:

2G equipment networking: UE——BTS (base station)-BSC (base station controller)-MSC (core network)

3G equipment networking: UE——Node B (base station)-RNC (base station controller)-CN (core network)

The 4G equipment networking: UE——EnodeB (base station+base station controller)-Mme (core network)

UE: mobile phone

BTS: The base station transmitting station, i.e., the base station, receives mobile phone signals, etc.

BSC: refers to the base station controller, which is responsible for the operation and maintenance of wireless cells and their wireless channels, and provides the interface with MSC during calling.

MSC: core network, which records HLA with mobile phones in this area.

PA: equipment for amplifying signals by power amplifier.

Different from 3G, MME is a mobile management entity, which is responsible for the positioning and paging process of idle mode UE(User Equipment), including relay.

26. please describe the difference between LTE and 2G and 3G in equipment group network?

Answer:

2G equipment networking: UE-BTS-BSC-MSC

3G equipment networking: UE-Node B-RNC-CN

The 4G equipment networking: UE-enodeb-Mme.

27. Please describe which mobile network devices are involved in surfing the Internet through 3G. Use?

A: At present, 3G technologies adopted by different operators in China are different.

The following takes telecom CDMA2000 as an example:

Equipment involved in 3G internet access: UE-node b-RNC-cn

UE: mobile phone equipment, which adopts an input, receiving and presenting device when surfing the internet.

NODEB: base station. And carry out information docking interaction with the mobile phone.

RNC: base station controller, which passes and processes base station information.

CN: conduct network interaction

28. Please describe how to realize voice call in LTE network. Specific principle?

A: Three main voice solutions of LTE

CSFallback(CSFB)：CSFB): csfb is a scheme for LTE terminals to use voice services through circuit domain. The terminal usually resides in LTE network and uses LTE data services. When initiating or receiving voice calls, the terminal falls back to 2G/3G circuit domain to make voice calls, and then returns to LTE.

Dual standby: LTE terminals with dual standby capability can work in LTE and 2G/3G circuit domain at the same time, that is, they can use data services on LTE network and voice services on 2G/3G circuit domain at the same time, thus realizing the concurrency of data services and voice services without fallback.

VoLTE：VoLTE is an end-to-end voice scheme based on all IP over LTE network. VoLTE’s voice is transmitted as IP data without 2G/3G network, and all services are carried on LTE network, which can realize the unification of data and voice services under the same network. Compared with the existing 2G/3G network, VoLTE can have a better user experience than 2G/3G voice and OTT voice service. At the same time, when the terminal leaves the coverage area of LTE, VoLTE can switch the voice call on LTE to the 2G/3G network to ensure the continuity of the voice call.

29. Please describe what signaling is? Study the significance of signaling?

Answer: Signaling is a kind of “communication language” used by devices to cooperate with each other. In order to make the equipment produced by different manufacturers work together, this “communication language” should be understandable to each other. Strictly speaking, signaling is a system that allows program-controlled exchange, network database and other “intelligent” nodes in the network to exchange the following related information: call establishment, Supervision and Teard

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IK grade refers to the equipment shell anti-impact protection level, usually IK and IP protection requirements are present together, for outdoor electronic equipment, whether it is overhead, buried or ordinary outdoor placement, need to have the corresponding IP, IK requirements, IK level is the joule unit of the swing hammer free fall impact to determine, the specific reference standard, electrical equipment shell on the external mechanical collision of the protection level (IK code).

Ik codes are typically useful, and the protection rating is apply to the overall enclosure. Product standards should also specify the marking method that can be use in the following cases:

1. The protection level of one part of the same shell is different from that of the other.

2. The installation status will affect the level of housing protection.

What is IK Rating?

IK rating is an internationally welcome digital code. That is useful to represent the protection rating of electrical equipment housings against external mechanical collisions. According to IEC 62262:2002 and IEC 60068-2-75:1997, the protective capability of the electrical equipment housing in the event of an external force collision on the internal equipment.

IK00-No protection.

IK01-To withstand a 0.14J impact force (equivalent of 0.25KG of object falling from a height of 56mm onto the surface).

IK02-To withstand a 0.2J impact force (equivalent to 0.25KG of objects falling from 80mm high on to the surface).

IK03-To withstand a 0.35J impact force (equivalent of 0.2KG weight of an object falling from a height of 140mm to the surface).

IK04-To withstand a 0.5J impact force (equivalent to an object weighing 0.25KG falling from a height of 200mm to the surface).

IK05-To withstand a 0.7J impact force (equivalent of 0.25KG weight of an object falling from a height of 280mm to the surface).

IK06-1J impact force (equivalent to 0.25KG weight of object falling from 400mm high on the surface impact).

IK07-2J impact force (equivalent to 0.5KG weight of object falling from a height of 400mm on the surface impact).

IK08-5J impact force (equivalent to 1.7KG of objectfalling from 300mm to the surface impact).

IK09-10J impact force (equivalent to 5KG of objects falling from 200mm high on the surface impact)

IK10-20J impact force (equivalent to 5KG of object falling from a height of 400mm on the surface impact).

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　　In this standard, for the protection of electrical equipment shell against foreign bodies. THE FORMAT of the IP rating is IPXX. Where XX is two Arabic numerals, the first mark number indicates contact protection and foreign protection level. The second mark number indicates the waterproof protection level, the specific level of protection can refer to the table below.

IP is the international code of the ip rating used to determine the level of protection is composed of two numbers, the first number represents dust protection, and the second number is made of waterproof, the larger the number indicates that the better its protection and other group leader.
Dust level. Number Degree of Protection Definition.　　0 No protection No special protection.
　　

　　1 Prevent the intrusion of objects greater than 50mm. To prevent the human body from accidentally touching parts inside the lamp.
　　2 Prevent objects larger than 12mm from invading The finger the inside part of the lamp.
　　3 Prevent full intrusion of objects greater than 2.5mm To prevent the intrusion of tools, wires or objects larger than 2.5mm in diameter.
　　4 Prevent the intrusion of objects greater than 1.0mm To prevent the intrusion of mosquito flies, insects or objects larger than 1.0.
　　5 Dust protection does not completely prevent dust intrusion, but the amount of dust intrusion will not affect the proper operation of the lamp.

　　6 Dust-proof completely prevents dust intrusion.
　　Waterproof rating.

　　Number Degree of Protection Definition.

　　0 No protection No special protection.
　　1 Prevent dripping from intrusion To prevent vertical droplets.
　　2 Still prevent drips from intrusion when tilting 15 degrees When the luminaire tilts 15 degrees, it still prevents dripping.
　　3 Prevent the injection of water from invading The water sprayed by rainwater, or vertical entry angle less than 50 degrees.
　　4 Prevent splashing water from intrusion To prevent the intrusion of splashed water from all parties.
　　5 Prevent large waves of water from intrusion To prevent the rapid injection of water from large waves or water vents.

　　6 Prevent large waves of water intrusion. The lamp can still ensure the normal operation of the lamp under a certain period of time.
　　7 Prevent water intrusion The lamp’s indefinite sinking water under certain water pressure conditions, and ensure the normal operation of the lamp.
　　8 Prevent the effects of sinking. The IP (INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION) rating is based on the criteria on which: 1) International Standards for Protection and Waterproofing, drafted by iEC (INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION): IEC 529-598. 　　2) National standard GB 700-86.3 　　) GB 4208, etc.
IP-grade laboratory: At present, the laboratory that can carry out IP-grade testing mainly has the environmental reliability and electromagnetic compatibility test center, the space environment reliability test and test center.

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